Thursday, December 24, 2009

Más Ingresos c/la Misma Inversión


La ampliación del Canal de Panamá sigue siendo el enfoque de estudios independientes de ingeniería.

Sin duda alguna, con sencillos cambios al proyecto actual, el rendimiento futuro de esta enorme inversión puede ser incrementada importantemente con el uso más eficiente de técnicas conocidas y comprobadas.

El artículo adjunto explica cómo sacarle más provecho al agua dulce de la cuenca para aumentar la capacidad de la vía y sus ingresos – sin crearles riesgos permanentes e innecesarios a los usuarios, a la población, al ambiente, ni a la cuenca y al canal en sí.

Compartimos el entusiasmo con el que estos resultados han sido recibidas no sólo por expertos mundiales en canales y esclusas, pero por otros grupos técnicos, científicos y ambientales.

En vista de las lecciones de Copenhagen, a Panamá le toca tomar las riendas del futuro – actuando con un liderazgo ejemplar, responsable y visionario – y mostrar que la voluntad colectiva sí existe para cambiar la forma en que se hacen inversiones de impacto permanente global.

El Canal de Panamá debe ser el ejemplo. El mundo lo necesita.
Comité ProDefensa del Lago Gatún



The Panama Canal Expansion Plan: Hazardous to Panama, Shipping and the Environment

by Bert G. Shelton, Research Scientist and Professional Engineer 5 December 2009

Delays can be very costly for large ships that use the Panama Canal. It has been suggested that, with the single-lane lock arrangement selected, the service to be offered by the expanded Panama Canal will be the most reliable and prompt.

So, how much does that system reduce transit time relative to other systems, how does it improve reliability, and what are its down-sides?

The planned single-lane locks -- with three steps at each end of the canal, and with three water-saving tanks per step -- are to transit 12 ships a day, a limit seemingly set by water availability. (Two more could perhaps transit, if more water became available.)

The logical way to operate that system is to have ships enter each end of the canal, in succession, the first part of the day; and, likewise, exit the other end of the canal during the latter part of the day. The transit direction of the single-lane locks would be reversed after the last entering ship sailed clear of them. Then the exiting process would begin for the ships waiting at lake-level, which by that time would have crossed the Isthmus of Panama. The last exiting ship sailing clear of the locks would mark the end of one day and the beginning of the next.

This is similar to what is done in the present-day canal, although not for the same reason.

Today's canal has a narrow section called "the cut", through which the largest ships that currently transit the canal -- Panamax ships -- can sail in one direction at a time and only during daylight hours. To optimize ship-flow through it, both lanes of the locks at each end of the canal begin the day by raising ships. As the Pacific locks are nearest the cut, northbound ships are the day's first to negotiate it. When southbound ships begin arriving at the cut, cut traffic management procedures are initiated, and that is followed by the reversal of one lane of the locks.

As dusk approaches, the last of the large southbound ships hurry to get through the cut before dark. At about the same time the second lane at the locks is reversed to maximize the rate at which the ships exit the canal. During the remainder of the night, two-way lock operations are resumed to handle the smaller ship traffic that can ply the cut at night.

Since the width of the cut will not be increased sufficiently in this canal expansion effort to permit Panamax ships -- or the larger post-Panamax ships that are to transit the new locks -- to meet each other in the cut, these larger ships will still have to take turns sailing through it.

Because ships will need to wait for the transit direction of the cut, as well as that of the planned single-lane lock, to match theirs, a transit (from entry of the locks at one end of the canal to exit at the other) will most likely take about 15 hours, assuming all else goes smoothly. In theory, it could take a ship about two-thirds of that time, but operational reality is different.

A simpler, proven two-lane alternative lock arrangement could be built for about the same cost. With only two-steps, it would handle up to 22 ships a day, compared to the single-lane system's maximum of about 14. A transit by way of these locks would take about 17.5 hours.

When comparing these lock options, there is more to consider than just the differences in transit time and capacity of each system.

As a starter, the two-lane lock arrangement requires about 13.5% less water per transit than the one planned. It also uses about 13.5% less water than what the canal's original locks use.

Because of this, it would be logical to reduce the use of the original locks and use that water more effectively in the new locks to operate them at full capacity.

The two-lane alternative locks need about 19 transit-volumes of original lock water to transit 22 ships. As there are presumably 12 transit volumes already available (per the single-lane lock plan), only 7 more need to be "borrowed" from the original locks.

Because idle time is gained when transits through the original locks are reduced, that time can be applied towards reducing the amount of water used by those transits that do occur. As a result, total transits through these locks only need to be reduced by about 4 to gain the needed water.

With this alternative of comparable cost, the canal capacity gained would be about 1.6 times that gained by using the planned system.

This means that for every three ships that transit the two-lane alternative locks only two ships could transit the single-lane system. This suggest that, to recover the income from the ship that does not transit, the ships that do transit would be charged about 50% more in tolls.

For the third ship that does not get to transit, is its "loss of time" not relevant?

Then there is the matter of system reliability and safety.

Because the planned system only has one lane, all large ship traffic would halt were it to close unexpectedly. How are costs to shipping impacted when that happens?

With the two-lane alternative, on the other hand, ships could continue to transit through the unimpaired lane.

The single-lane system requires a dam to be built across known fault lines.

What is the cost of losing Gatun Lake should one of those faults slip and cause the dam to fail? And, how can reducing 12 daily transit times by 2.5 hours be reconciled against lost lives and a multi-year canal shut-down should that dam fail?

The two-lane lock arrangement avoids the need for such a dam.

Environmental and ecological issues must also not be overlooked.

The planned single-lane arrangement promises to increase lake salinity at a rate that is markedly higher than that of today's canal. Many reputable studies have shown this.

Not only will what is planned pollute a world-important freshwater lake with salt, that pollution will put many sea creatures along the coast of both oceans in harms way.

How can reducing the canal transit time of a few select ships by 2.5 hours justify placing seafood delicacies enjoyed by millions on the endangered list?

That is unacceptable and need not happen.

To make matters worse, a follow-up expansion plan exists that adds more unnecessary problems.

That plan will cost far more than the current one. It will terminate the way of life of a great many people and devastate the ecology of vast areas in order to obtain the water it needs to increase the post-Panamax ship transit capacity to about 30.

By contrast, at lower cost and within the confines of today's watershed, the canal's post-Panamax transit capacity could be increased to 40 by adding a second two-lane lock arrangement like the first and by enhancing both to save even more water. The enhancement would consist of adding two water-saving tanks at each step of each two-lane arrangement, costing only about 15% more.

Water to operate both enhanced two-lane lock arrangements would be borrowed from the original locks by further optimizing their use of water and time as was described earlier. The option to expand the canal's watershed by expropriating lands and flooding vast areas would be reserved for when climate changes force it at some future date.

Using the alternative locks in both expansions would result in about 27% more added capacity at a far lower cost, with far less impact to the ecology and to third parties, and a greatly reduced risk of total loss, compared to what is planned.

Today, the Panama Canal serves around 36 ships a day. Despite certain canal features being seen as causing "unnecessary" delays -- per a lack of understanding of the purpose of those features -- ships continue to show up and wait their turn to transit.

Most of its users find transiting the Panama Canal a much better deal than any other option; and, more would use it if they could.

Given that preference, and because once the planned single-lane system is built there is no way to later convert it into one that is more efficient and less polluting -- nor can the risk of losing the lake be removed, nor can any loss of ocean species be undone -- replacing that design is imperative.

A two-lane lock arrangement offers a truly sustainable expansion: providing more service for the same cost, allowing for greater future growth, and avoiding catastrophic problems. That is what needs to be added to the Panama Canal.







Carta Abierta al Presidente de la República de Panamá



12 de julio de 2009



Excelentísimo Señor Ricardo Martinelli Berrocal

Presidente de la República de Panamá



Primeramente deseo felicitarlo por su victoria rotunda al ser elegido al puesto máximo del país.

No hay quien envidie los retos que Usted enfrenta, pero reconocemos que todos debemos estar dispuestos a darle nuestro apoyo para poderlos superar.

Siendo el Proyecto de Ampliación del Canal de Panamá sin igual en términos del uso de los recursos del país, considero que – como ingeniero e investigador científico, especialista en el diseño y la construcción de estructuras masivas y con una trayectoria que incluye la creación de varios sistemas avanzados para alzar naves, y, como ciudadano comprometido con el futuro del país – es mi deber informarle que existen arreglos de esclusas que atienden de manera efectiva a los retos del proyecto que aún no han sido superados. Los riesgos y daños graves que resultarán al ser incorporado y operado el arreglo actual, el cual se fundamenta en el concepto presentado al anunciarse el proyecto, pueden ser evitados usando un arreglo más apropiado.

Como resultado de un estudio independiente de los retos de la ampliación y de los métodos más efectivos para superarlos – efectuado junto con un asesoramiento de los múltiples métodos para reducir la cantidad de agua desgastada por tránsito, del cual adicionalmente nacieron arreglos de esclusas aún más eficientes – se han identificado varios arreglos de esclusas que serían más apropiados para nuestro canal porque ofrecen beneficios mucho mayores.

Al combinar más efectivamente los mismos componentes ya aceptados por la ACP, y al aplicar las mismas operaciones en secuencias optimizadas, se logran importantes incrementos en capacidad sin un aumento proporcional en los costos de construcción y en los gastos de operación y mantenimiento.

Entre varias posibles, el arreglo de esclusas más recomendable para la ampliación es uno compuesto de 4 unidades parecidas a la unidad de esclusas de Pedro-Miguel, pero más grandes. Sin tina alguna, y al ser operado debidamente, este arreglo de dos carriles – el cual incluiría dos escalones en cada extremo del canal – usaría 13% menos agua por tránsito que el arreglo asignado y ofrecería la posibilidad de incrementar el número de tránsitos diarios por hasta dos tercios.

Importantemente, este arreglo evitaría el riesgo de que se cierre el paso a naves posPanamax, algo que puede ocurrir si sólo hay un carril. Además, haría innecesaria la construcción de un dique sumamente riesgoso a lo largo de la ribera oriental del Lago Miraflores, el cual si colapsa – al desplazarse alguna de las varias fallas geológicas sobre las cuales será construido – causará la pérdida del Lago Gatún y de los poblados y las industrias ubicadas a los costados de la entrada del Pacífico.

También, el pueblo y el medioambiente beneficiarían con este arreglo porque no permitiría el ingreso de la cantidad de sal al Lago Gatún que ingresará por el arreglo actual; y, su método práctico de mitigación permitiría eliminar la sal contaminante antes de llegar al lago. No hay un método práctico que haga esto con el arreglo actual.

Es más, con el arreglo recomendado existe la opción de agregarle dos tinas por escalón ahora o en el futuro para reducir su uso de agua aún más, a casi la mitad de lo que el arreglo actual desgastará. Esto representa un uso de tinas altamente superior comparado a cómo las usa el arreglo actual, que no tiene una opción similar para ahorrar agua.

En el internet, en www.crucestrail.com hay más información relevante a este tema.

El aporte de Panamá al mejoramiento del canal debe ser un avance real – que nuestras generaciones futuras puedan contemplar con orgullo – y no un paso hacia atrás, tomado al adicionarle esclusas de un diseño antiguo que fue superado por el diseño de las esclusas de nuestro propio canal.

No sería aceptable incorporarle al canal un arreglo de esclusas que introduce los riesgos notados y que – en perpetuidad – usará casi el doble del agua por tránsito comparado a lo que usaría un arreglo de primera línea, en vista de que – con esfuerzos y gastos comparables – se pueden evitar esos riesgos usando un arreglo más eficiente y de más capacidad.

Señor Presidente, en vista de los resultados de estos estudios, no permita que este proyecto de tan gran importancia al mundo proceda sin hacerse un asesoramiento abierto y transparente, por expertos incontrovertibles e imparciales, de las alternativas para sus esclusas – lo clave del sistema.

Como el diseño detallado de las esclusas apenas ha empezado, y aún no están en construcción, la selección todavía puede ser reemplazada.

Lo que me motiva es obtener para el país y el mundo la mejor ampliación por lo que nos costará y asegurar el uso más efectivo de los recursos hídricos del Canal de Panamá.

Me mantengo a su disposición,

Respetuosamente,


Ing. Bert G. Shelton L.